The global incidence of diabetes mellitus is increasing despite the availability of synthetic antidiabetic agents. This study evaluated the protective and regenerative effects of Vernonia amygdalina and Dacryodes edulis aqueous leaf extracts on pancreatic beta-cell damage in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Thirty-six male rats were randomized into six groups (n = 6). Group 1 was the normal control, while Groups 2–6 were alloxan-induced (150 mg/kg i.p.). Group 2 was the negative control, Group 3 received metformin (200 mg/kg), Groups 4 and 5 were treated with V. amygdalina and D. edulis extracts (300 mg/kg each), and Group 6 received a combination of both extracts (500 mg/kg). Treatments lasted 14 days. Body and organ weights were recorded, and pancreatic tissues were subjected to histological analysis. All treatment groups showed improved body and organ weights relative to the diabetic control. Histological findings indicated partial to significant regeneration of islet β-cells, with the most marked restoration observed in the metformin and combined extract-treated groups. These results support the antidiabetic potential of these plants and justify their ethnomedicinal application.